The dynamic changes in olive fruit phenolic metabolism and its contribution to the activation of quiescent Colletotrichum infection.

Anthracnose, the most critical disease affecting olive fruits, is caused by Colletotrichum species. While developing olive fruits are immune to the pathogen regardless of the cultivar, the resistance level varies once the fruit ripens. The defense mechanisms responsible for this difference in resistance are not well understood. To explore this, we analyzed the phenolic metabolic pathways occurring in olive fruits and their susceptibility to the pathogen during ripening in two resistant cultivars ('Empeltre' and 'Frantoio') and two susceptible cultivars ('Hojiblanca' and 'Picudo'). Overall, resistant cultivars induced the synthesis of aldehydic and demethylated forms of phenols, which highly inhibited fungal spore germination. In contrast, susceptible cultivars promoted the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol 4-O-glucoside during ripening, a compound with no antifungal effect. This study showed that the distinct phenolic profiles between resistant and susceptible cultivars play a key role in determining olive fruit resistance to Colletotrichum species.

Self-perceived body weight and weight status: analysis of concordance by age group and sex.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies suggest that there is discordance between actual weight status and body-weight perception. This fact has implications when it comes to designing public health interventions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the different categories of weight status and body-weight perception and to analyse their concordance in a representative Spanish population sample. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data were sourced from the 2018 Galician Risk Behaviour Data System, with the target population being all persons aged 16 years and above. We collected data on self-perceived body weight and assessed weight status on the basis of body mass index (BMI). BMI was estimated using self-reported measures of weight and height. To estimate concordance, Cohen's kappa coefficient, both unweighted and weighted with Cicchetti weights, was calculated. RESULTS: Data were obtained for 7853 individuals aged 16 years and above, whereas the overall unweighted concordance was 0.393 (95%CI: 0.377-0.409), with an agreement percentage of 61.6%, weighted concordance was 0.503 (0.490-0.517), with an agreement percentage of 86.6%. The highest concordance between self-perceived body weight and weight status was observed in women. By age group, the highest concordance was observed in the youngest group (16-24 years) for the BMI categories of underweight and overweight, and in the 45-64 age group for the category of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the existence of differences between self-perceived body weight and weight status, according to sex and age.

El burnout se asocia con la disfunción ejecutiva en profesionales de atención primaria que trabajan en zonas rurales / Burnout is related to executive dysfunction in primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas

Introducción: Los profesionales sanitarios son especialmente vulnerables al burnout, lo que implica una desregulación hipotalámico-hipófiso-suprarrenal que podría impactar en la integridad de estructuras cerebrales necesarias para el procesamiento cognitivo. Escasos estudios han analizado la relación entre el burnout y las funciones ejecutivas en esta población, y no se han esclarecido sus posibles factores moduladores. Este estudio pretende caracterizar el nivel de burnout de profesionales de atención primaria de zonas rurales y analizar su relación con el funcionamiento ejecutivo, considerando el posible papel modulador del optimismo.Sujetos y métodos: En este estudio transversal, 32 profesionales de atención primaria fueron reclutados en el centro de salud de Carcastillo (España) y sometidos a una evaluación en la que se valoró el burnout mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey, y el optimismo y las funciones ejecutivas. Resultados: El 43,8, el 59,4 y el 56,3% de los participantes experimentaron alto burnout a través del agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y la desrealización personal. El path analysis mostró que el agotamiento emocional se asoció con peores puntuaciones en el Trail Making Test (beta = –0,37, SE –error estándar– = 0,17, p = 0,024, f2 de Cohen = 0,15), pero el optimismo no fue un moderador significativo (p = 0,24). El modelo mostró un ajuste excelente (índice de ajuste comparativo = 1, error cuadrático medio de aproximación = 0,0001, residuo cuadrático medio estandarizado = 0,0001, y chi cuadrado(3) = 6,07, p = 0,11). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que el burnout en profesionales sanitarios podría tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la eficiencia del sistema sanitario. Esto tiene implicaciones relevantes, especialmente para profesionales caracterizados tanto por la presión laboral como por las altas demandas cognitivas, y pone de manifiesto la necesidad de implementar enfoques específicos para su prevención.

Introduction: Healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to burnout, which implies a hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation that could impact the integrity of brain structures needed for cognitive processing. However, a scarce number of studies have analyzed the relationship between burnout and executive functions in this population, and possible modulator factors have not been clarified. This study aims to characterize the burnout level of primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas, and to analyze its relationship with executive functioning, considering the possible modulating role of optimism.Subjects and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 32 primary healthcare professionals were recruited from the Carcastillo Health Center (Spain) and underwent an assessment in which burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey. Optimism and executive functions were also evaluated.Results: 43.8%, 59.4%, and 56.3% of participants experienced high levels of burnout via emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The path analysis showed that emotional exhaustion was associated with poorer Trail Making Test scores (b = –0.37, SE = 0.17, p = 0.024, Cohen’s f2 = 0.15), but optimism was not a significant moderator of this relationship (p = 0.24). The proposed model yielded excellent fit (CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.0001, SRMR = 0.0001, and c2(3) = 6.07, p = 0.11).Conclusions: These results suggest that burnout in healthcare professionals could have a detrimental effect on the efficiency of health systems. This has relevant implications, especially for professionals characterized by both work pressure and high cognitive demands, and highlights a need to implement occupation-specific approaches for prevention.(AU)

Burnout is related to executive dysfunction in primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas. / El burnout se asocia con la disfunción ejecutiva en profesionales de atención primaria que trabajan en zonas rurales.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to burnout, which implies a hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation that could impact the integrity of brain structures needed for cognitive processing. However, a scarce number of studies have analyzed the relationship between burnout and executive functions in this population, and possible modulator factors have not been clarified. This study aims to characterize the burnout level of primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas, and to analyze its relationship with executive functioning, considering the possible modulating role of optimism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 32 primary healthcare professionals were recruited from the Carcastillo Health Center (Spain) and underwent an assessment in which burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey. Optimism and executive functions were also evaluated. RESULTS: 43.8%, 59.4%, and 56.3% of participants experienced high levels of burnout via emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The path analysis showed that emotional exhaustion was associated with poorer Trail Making Test scores (ß = -0.37, SE = 0.17, p = 0.024, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), but optimism was not a significant moderator of this relationship (p = 0.24). The proposed model yielded excellent fit (CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.0001, SRMR = 0.0001, and ?2(3) = 6.07, p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that burnout in healthcare professionals could have a detrimental effect on the efficiency of health systems. This has relevant implications, especially for professionals characterized by both work pressure and high cognitive demands, and highlights a need to implement occupation-specific approaches for prevention.

TITLE: El burnout se asocia con la disfunción ejecutiva en profesionales de atención primaria que trabajan en zonas rurales.Introducción. Los profesionales sanitarios son especialmente vulnerables al burnout, lo que implica una desregulación hipotalámico-hipófiso-suprarrenal que podría impactar en la integridad de estructuras cerebrales necesarias para el procesamiento cognitivo. Escasos estudios han analizado la relación entre el burnout y las funciones ejecutivas en esta población, y no se han esclarecido sus posibles factores moduladores. Este estudio pretende caracterizar el nivel de burnout de profesionales de atención primaria de zonas rurales y analizar su relación con el funcionamiento ejecutivo, considerando el posible papel modulador del optimismo. Sujetos y métodos. En este estudio transversal, 32 profesionales de atención primaria fueron reclutados en el centro de salud de Carcastillo (España) y sometidos a una evaluación en la que se valoró el burnout mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey, y el optimismo y las funciones ejecutivas. Resultados. El 43,8, el 59,4 y el 56,3% de los participantes experimentaron alto burnout a través del agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y la desrealización personal. El path analysis mostró que el agotamiento emocional se asoció con peores puntuaciones en el Trail Making Test (beta = ­0,37, SE ­error estándar­ = 0,17, p = 0,024, f2 de Cohen = 0,15), pero el optimismo no fue un moderador significativo (p = 0,24). El modelo mostró un ajuste excelente (índice de ajuste comparativo = 1, error cuadrático medio de aproximación = 0,0001, residuo cuadrático medio estandarizado = 0,0001, y chi cuadrado(3) = 6,07, p = 0,11). Conclusiones. Estos resultados sugieren que el burnout en profesionales sanitarios podría tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la eficiencia del sistema sanitario. Esto tiene implicaciones relevantes, especialmente para profesionales caracterizados tanto por la presión laboral como por las altas demandas cognitivas, y pone de manifiesto la necesidad de implementar enfoques específicos para su prevención.

Hospitalizaciones por y con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en Galicia: 20 años de evolución / Hospitalizations due to and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Galicia: 20 years of evolution

Objetivo Analizar la evolución de las hospitalizaciones relacionadas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en Galicia en el período 1996-2018, tanto como causa principal del ingreso (POR EPOC) como si se codificaba en cualquier posición diagnóstica (CON EPOC), estudiando la influencia de la edad, el sexo, la estacionalidad u otras causas principales del ingreso. Metodología Se realizó un análisis del conjunto mínimo básico de datos (CMBD) de Galicia sobre el primer ingreso por EPOC entre 1996 y 2018. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas y estandarizadas tanto globales como por sexo y por grupos de edad. Resultados En el período 1996-2018 se produjeron en Galicia 310.883 primeros ingresos CON EPOC, de los que el 29,6% fueron POR EPOC. Las tasas de ingresos tanto CON EPOC como POR EPOC aumentaron, fundamentalmente en varones. Existe una clara estacionalidad de los ingresos, especialmente relevante POR EPOC. La razón de masculinidad media es aproximadamente 4 en ambos escenarios, si bien es inferior en los grupos etarios extremos, sin cambios a lo largo del tiempo. La edad media al ingreso ha aumentado tres años en este período en los varones; en las mujeres no hubo variaciones. Las causas principales del ingreso cuando no es POR EPOC son insuficiencia cardíaca y neumonía. Conclusión La evaluación combinada de los registros de ingresos hospitalarios CON y POR EPOC aporta información complementaria para un mejor conocimiento de las tendencias de esta enfermedad y establecer hipótesis que expliquen los resultados descritos, aportando información para una mejor planificación sanitaria (AU)

Objective This work aims to analyze the evolution of COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018 both as main cause of admission (DUE TO COPD) or when coded in any diagnostic order (WITH COPD), assessing the influence of age, sex, seasonality, and other main causes of the hospitalization. Methods An analysis was conducted of administrative healthcare database (CMBD) data on index COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018. Crude, specific, and standardized rates were calculated for the entire sample and according to age and sex groups. Results In the period from 1996 to 2018, there were 310,883 index admissions WITH COPD in Galicia, of which 29.6% were DUE TO COPD. Both WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD admission rates increased, mainly in men. There was a clear seasonality that was especially relevant in the DUE TO COPD group. The mean male-to-female ratio was approximately 4:1 in both groups, although it was lower in the extreme age groups, with no change over time. The mean age at admission increased three years in men during this period; there were no changes among women. The main causes of admission in those not hospitalized DUE TO COPD were heart failure and pneumonia. Conclusion The combined evaluation of records of hospital admissions WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD offers additional information for a better understanding of the trends of this disease and allows for establishing hypotheses that explain the results described, providing information for better healthcare planning (AU)

Hospitalizations due to and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Galicia: 20 years of evolution.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to analyze the evolution of COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018 both as main cause of admission (DUE TO COPD) or when coded in any diagnostic order (WITH COPD), assessing the influence of age, sex, seasonality, and other main causes of the hospitalization. METHODS: An analysis was conducted of administrative healthcare database (CMBD) data on index COPD-related hospitalizations in Galicia from 1996 to 2018. Crude, specific, and standardized rates were calculated for the entire sample and according to age and sex groups. RESULTS: In the period from 1996 to 2018, there were 310,883 index admissions WITH COPD in Galicia, of which 29.6% were DUE TO COPD. Both WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD admission rates increased, mainly in men. There was a clear seasonality that was especially relevant in the DUE TO COPD group. The mean male-to-female ratio was approximately 4:1 in both groups, although it was lower in the extreme age groups, with no change over time. The mean age at admission increased three years in men during this period; there were no changes among women. The main causes of admission in those not hospitalized DUE TO COPD were heart failure and pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The combined evaluation of records of hospital admissions WITH COPD and DUE TO COPD offers additional information for a better understanding of the trends of this disease and allows for establishing hypotheses that explain the results described, providing information for better healthcare planning.

Development of Anxiolytic and Depression-like Behavior in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium.

Murine leprosy is a systemic infectious disease of mice caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in which the central nervous system (CNS) is not infected; nevertheless, diseased animals show measurable cognitive alterations. For this reason, in this study, we explored the neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically infected with MLM. BALB/c mice were infected with MLM, and 120 days later, the alterations in mice were evaluated based on immunologic, histologic, endocrine, neurochemical, and behavioral traits. We found increases in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 associated with high bacillary loads. We also found increase in the serum levels of corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in the adrenal gland, suggesting neuroendocrine deregulation. Mice exhibited depression-like behavior in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests and anxiolytic behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. The neurobehavioral alterations of mice were correlated with the histologic damage in the prefrontal cortex, ventral hippocampus, and amygdala, as well as with a blood-brain barrier disruption in the hippocampus. These results reveal an interrelated response of the neuroimmune--endocrinological axis in unresolved chronic infections that result in neurocognitive deterioration.

Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en las comunidades autónomas de España, 2017 / Smoking-attributable mortality in the autonomous communities of Spain, 2017

Introducción y objetivos: Estimar la mortalidad atribuida (MA) al consumo de tabaco en las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) de España en población de edad ≥ 35 años en 2017. Métodos: Se estimó la MA empleando un método dependiente de prevalencias basado en el cálculo de fracciones atribuidas poblacionales. La mortalidad observada procede del Instituto Nacional de Estadística; las prevalencias de consumo por sexo y edad, de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2011 y 2017 y la Encuesta europea de 2014, y los riesgos relativos, del seguimiento de 5 cohortes norteamericanas. Se presentan estimaciones de MA y fracciones atribuidas poblacionales para cada comunidad autónoma por causa de muerte, sexo y edad y tasas de MA específicas y ajustadas. Resultados: El tabaco causó 53.825 muertes en España en la población de 35 o más años (el 12,9% de la mortalidad total). La carga de MA sobre la mortalidad observada varía del 10,8% en La Rioja al 15,3% en Canarias. Tras ajustar las tasas de MA por edad, las diferencias entre CCAA se mantienen, y las tasas más altas en los varones se observan en Extremadura y en las mujeres, en Canarias. Las tasas ajustadas de los varones se correlacionan negativamente con las de las mujeres. El porcentaje que suponen las enfermedades cardiovasculares sobre la MA total de cada comunidad autónoma oscila entre el 21,8% de Castilla-La Mancha y el 30,3% de Andalucía. Conclusiones: La carga de MA al consumo de tabaco varía entre las CCAA. Realizar un análisis detallado por regiones aporta información relevante para la implantación de políticas sanitarias dirigidas a frenar el impacto del tabaquismo (AU)

Introduction and objectives: To estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the regions of Spain among people aged ≥ 35 years in 2017. Methods: SAM was estimated using a prevalence dependent method based calculating the population attributable fraction. Observed mortality was derived from the National Statistics Institute. The prevalence of smoking by age and sex was based on the Spanish National Health Survey for 2011 and 2017 and the European Survey for 2014. Relative risks were reported from the follow-up of 5 North American cohorts. SAM and population attributable fraction were estimated for each region by age group, sex, and causes of death. Cause-specific and adjusted SAM rates were estimated. Results: Smoking caused 53 825 deaths in the population aged ≥ 35 years (12.9% of all-cause mortality). SAM ranged from 10.8% of observed mortality in La Rioja to 15.3% in the Canary Islands. The differences remained after rates were adjusted by age. The highest adjusted SAM rates were observed in Extremadura in men and in the Canary Islands in women. Adjusted SAM rates in men were inversely correlated with those in women. The percentage of total SAM represented by cardiovascular diseases in each region ranged from 21.8% in Castile-La Mancha to 30.3% in Andalusia. Conclusions: The distribution of SAM differed among regions. Conducting a detailed region-by-region analysis provides relevant information for health policies aiming to curb the impact of smoking (AU)

Death of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) leukocytes induced by in vivo exposure to temephos and spinosad.

Temephos and spinosad are pesticides used for control of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. However, the inadequate use of these substances has affected the health of non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, the effects of temephos and spinosad on leukocyte viability and death, using guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate) as a model organism. Guppies were exposed to temephos (10 mg/L) and spinosad (0.5 mg/L) for 7, 14, and 21 days. Afterwards, they were placed in pesticide-free fish tanks (7, 35, and 70 days) for recovery. The results showed that exposure to temephos caused leukocyte death, even at 35 days of recovery. Contrarily, the exposure to spinosad did not cause leukocyte death. This research show, for the first time, that a single dose of temephos causes apoptosis up to 56 days post-exposition, indicating that this pesticide induces chronic effects on immune response cells.

Altered phagocytic capacity due to acute exposure and long-term post-exposure to pesticides used for vector-borne disease as dengue.

Spinosad and temefos are widely used pesticides for chemical control of dengue vector-borne disease (Aedes aegypti). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute exposure (7 days) to spinosad (0.5 mg A.I. L-1) and temefos (10 mg A.I. L-1), concentrations used by the Mexican Ministry of Health, on phagocytic capacity (PC) of mononuclear cells of guppies fish (Poecilia reticulata), as well as to assess PC in fish, at 96 days after exposure to those pesticides. Obtained results indicated that spinosad did not alter PC, while an acute exposure to temefos significantly affected phagocytosis and this parameter was maintained downed even 96 days after the acute exposure, suggesting that the immunotoxic effects of temefos may be chronic.

Influence of the diagnostic protocol and age on the prostate cancer incidence rate in Castilla y León according to the national registry 2010.

OBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study of incidence and association, to determine whether the higher incidence of prostate cancer in Castilla y León (with respect to the national rate) could be due to modifiable factors. LOCATION: University Hospital Río Hortega. PARTICIPANTS: New prostate cancer diagnoses. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Incidence rate (IR). Age, family history, symptoms, comorbidity, rectal examination, ultrasound volume (cc), PSA (ng/mL), cylinders, volume cylinder ratio, Gleason, TNM and D'Amico groups. RESULTS: Castilla y León showed the highest prostate cancer IR in Spain (141.1 per 100,000 inhabitants per year), with a peak of early incidence (65-74 years) and significant differences in < 64 and 65-74 years. Age at diagnosis was the lowest (Castilla y León, 66.9 ±7.1 vs. Spain, 69.1 ±â€¯8.2 years; P < .001). No differences: family history, symptoms, comorbidity and PSA. The number of cylinders was 10.7 ±â€¯1.8. In multivariate analysis (AUC = 0.801; P < .001), they were more frequent in Castilla y León: grade i rectal examination, non-palpable rectal examination, Gleason < 6, stage T2c and the volume cylinder ratio < 6 (only in < 64 years: OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.2-22-22.3; P = .027). In Spanish regions, volume cylinder ratio showed inverse correlation with IR in < 74 years, while age showed positive correlation in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The higher prostate cancer IR in Castilla y León in 2010 was not associated to an older population. However, the biopsy technique influenced IR, as more cylinders were obtained in younger subjects, without conditioning overdiagnosis.

Influencia del protocolo diagnóstico y la edad en la tasa de incidencia de cáncer de próstata en Castilla y León según el registro nacional de 2010 / Influence of the diagnostic protocol and age on the prostate cancer incidence rate in Castilla y León according to the national registry 2010

Objetivo: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal de incidencia y asociación, para conocer si la mayor incidencia de cáncer de próstata en Castilla y León (respecto a la tasa nacional) pudiera deberse a factores modificables.EmplazamientoHospital Universitario Río Hortega.ParticipantesNuevos diagnósticos de cáncer de próstata.Mediciones principalesTasa de incidencia (TI). Edad, antecedentes familiares, síntomas, comorbilidad, tacto rectal, volumen ecográfico (cc), PSA (ng/ml), cilindros, relación volumen cilindros, Gleason, TNM y grupos D’Amico.ResultadosLa TI en Castilla y León fue la más alta (141,1 por 100.000 habitantes-año), con un pico de incidencia precoz (65-74 años) y diferencias significativas en<64 y 65-74 años. La edad al diagnóstico fue la más baja (66,9±7,1 vs. 69,1±8,2 años; p<0,001). No hubo diferencias en: antecedentes familiares, síntomas, comorbilidad y PSA. El número de cilindros fue 10,7±1,8. En el análisis multivariante (AUC=0,801; p<0,001) fueron más frecuentes: tacto rectal grado i, tacto rectal no palpable, Gleason<6, estadio T2c y la relación volumen cilindros <6 (solo en<64 años: OR 5,2; IC 95% 1,2-22,3; p=0,027). En las CC. AA., la relación volumen cilindros mostró una correlación inversa con la TI en<74 años, mientras que la edad presentó correlación positiva en todos los tramos.ConclusionesLa mayor TI de cáncer de próstata en Castilla y León 2010 no guardó relación con una población más envejecida. Sin embargo, la técnica de biopsia influyó en la TI, al obtenerse más cilindros en los sujetos más jóvenes, sin condicionar sobrediagnóstico. (AU)

Objective: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study of incidence and association, to determine whether the higher incidence of prostate cancer in Castilla y León (with respect to the national rate) could be due to modifiable factors.LocationUniversity Hospital Río Hortega.ParticipantsNew prostate cancer diagnoses.Main measurementsIncidence rate (IR). Age, family history, symptoms, comorbidity, rectal examination, ultrasound volume (cc), PSA (ng/mL), cylinders, volume cylinder ratio, Gleason, TNM and D’Amico groups.ResultsCastilla y León showed the highest prostate cancer IR in Spain (141.1 per 100,000 inhabitants per year), with a peak of early incidence (65-74 years) and significant differences in<64 and 65-74 years. Age at diagnosis was the lowest (Castilla y León, 66.9±7.1 vs. Spain, 69.1±8.2 years; P<.001). No differences: family history, symptoms, comorbidity and PSA. The number of cylinders was 10.7±1.8. In multivariate analysis (AUC=0.801; P<.001), they were more frequent in Castilla y León: grade i rectal examination, non-palpable rectal examination, Gleason<6, stage T2c and the volume cylinder ratio<6 (only in<64 years: OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.2-22.3; P=.027). In Spanish regions, volume cylinder ratio showed inverse correlation with IR in<74 years, while age showed positive correlation in all age groups.ConclusionsThe higher prostate cancer IR in Castilla y León in 2010 was not associated to an older population. However, the biopsy technique influenced IR, as more cylinders were obtained in younger subjects, without conditioning overdiagnosis. (AU)

Alterations in the non-neuronal cholinergic system induced by in-vitro exposure to diazoxon in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).

Organophosphate pesticides as diazinon disrupt the neuroimmune communication, affecting the innate and adaptive immune response of the exposed organisms. Since the target molecule of diazinon is typically the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), the existence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in leukocytes makes them susceptible to alterations by diazinon. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the activity of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, and the expression of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) and muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR) in spleen mononuclear cells (SMNC) of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) exposed in vitro to diazoxon, a diazinon metabolite. SMNC were exposed in-vitro to 1 nM, 1 µM, and 10 µM diazoxon for 24 h. The enzyme activity of AChE was then evaluated by spectrophotometry, followed by ACh quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, mAChR and nAChR expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The results indicate that AChE levels are significantly inhibited at 1 and 10 µM diazoxon, while the relative expression of (M3, M4, and M5) mAChR and (ß2) nAChR is reduced significantly as compared against SMNC not exposed to diazoxon. However, ACh levels show no significant difference with respect to the control group. The data indicate that diazoxon directly alters elements in the cholinergic system of SMNC by AChE inhibition or indirectly through the interaction with AChR, which is likely related to the immunotoxic properties of diazinon and its metabolites.

In-vitro effect of diazoxon, a metabolite of diazinon, on proliferation, signal transduction, and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

The immune response of teleosts (bonefish) is altered by diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide. It has been suggested that such alteration is due to the extraneuronal cholinergic system in fish leukocytes that renders these cells a target of pesticides. Diazoxon (DZO), the oxon metabolite of DZN, has been attributed immunotoxic effects. Still, to date there are no reports on the effects of DZO upon parameters involved in the signaling cascade of immune response cells. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of DZO on key parameters of cell signaling (intracellular Ca2+ flux, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation), cell proliferation, and antiproliferative processes (apoptosis, senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish. The results obtained show that DZO does not affect cell proliferation but causes a lack of response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin to release intracellular calcium. In addition, it inhibits ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and senescence. These results suggest that the lack of cell response to release intracytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits ERK which disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell apoptosis and senescence. These findings prove that DZO significantly affects key parameters involved in the survival of immune response cells.

[Chemotherapy at the end of life: Uncommon clinical practice?] / Quimioterapia al final de la vida: ¿práctica clínica poco frecuente?

BACKGROUND: In view of the apparent increase in the aggressiveness of palliative chemotherapy, the purpose of this study was to find out and analyse the characteristics of cancer patients treated in our hospital, and who received chemotherapy near the end of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational study in oncology-haematological patients who received chemotherapy between January 2016 and May 2017, and who died in that same period. Data on sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected. In order to determine the risk factors for receiving chemotherapy in the last month of life, a multivariate logistic regression model was developed and subsequently validated using "bootstrap" re-sampling techniques. RESULTS: A total of 293 patients who received chemotherapy during the study period died. The median time between the last cycle of chemotherapy and death was 52 (0-459) days. Chemotherapy was received in their last month of life in 98 (33.4% of patients. the multivariate analysis indicated that the low chemo-sensitivity of the tumour, the particular medical oncologist, and the fact of dying in the hospital setting, were associated with an increased risk of receiving chemotherapy in the last month of life. CONCLUSIONS: A worrying percentage of patients receive chemotherapy near the end of life. This makes it difficult to receive high-quality palliative care, as well as to die in a familiar environment. It is necessary to review the decision-making process in advanced cancer patients.

Effect of diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, on signal transduction and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide characterized by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (E.C. 3.1.1.7), affecting the nervous system. There is currently enough evidence proving this pesticide also affects the immune response; however, the immunotoxicity mechanisms through which these substances exerts toxic effects remain unclear. For that reason, this work evaluated the effect of diazinon on the intracellular calcium flux, ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2), apoptosis, senescence, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in spleen mononuclear cells (SMNC) of Nile tilapia, a teleost fish of commercial and ecological relevance. The results obtained indicate that diazinon causes significant damage in all evaluated parameters, which play an essential role in intracytoplasmic signaling of immune cells, suggesting these signal pathways could be related with the immunotoxicity mechanism of these type of pesticides.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in brain and immune cells of Oreochromis niloticus.

Nervous and immune systems maintain a bidirectional communication, expressing receptors for neurotransmitters and cytokines. Despite being well established in mammals, this has been poorly described in lower vertebrates as fishes. Experimental evidence shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates the immune response. In this research, we evaluated mRNA levels of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and compared the expression levels of immune cells with the brain. The mAChR subtypes (M2-M5A) were detected in both tissues, but mAChRs mRNA levels were higher in immune cells. This data have a potential use in biomedical and comparative immunology fields.

Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.

Using the modified Dixon technique to evaluate incidental adrenal lesions on 3T MRI. / Valoración mediante Dixon modificado de las lesiones suprarrenales incidentales en RM 3T.

OBJECTIVES: To use the mDIXON-Quant sequence to quantify the fat fraction of adrenal lesions discovered incidentally on CT studies. To analyze the relation between the signal loss between in-phase and out-of-phase T1-weighted sequences and the fat fraction in mDIXON-Quant. To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the two methods for characterizing adrenal lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective descriptive study included 31 patients with incidentally discovered adrenal lesions evaluated with 3T MRI using in-phase and out-of-phase T1-weighted sequences and mDIXON-Quant; the fat fraction of the adrenal lesions was measured by mDIXON-Quant and by calculating the percentage of signal loss between in-phase and out-of-phase T1-weighted sequences. RESULTS: The percentage of signal loss was significantly higher in the group of patients with adenoma (61.3% ± 20.4% vs. 5.1% ± 5.8% in the group without adenoma, p<0.005). The mean fat fraction measured by mDIXON-Quant was also higher for the adenomas (26.9% ±10.8% vs. 3.4% ± 3.0%, p<0.005).The area under the ROC curve was 0.99 (0.96 - 1.00) for the percentage of signal loss and 0.98 (0.94 - 1.00) for the fat fraction measured by mDIXON-Quant. The cutoffs obtained were 24.42% for the percentage of signal loss and 9.2% for the fat fraction measured by mDIXON-Quant. The two techniques had the same values for diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity 96% (79.6 - 99.9), specificity 100% (39.8 - 100.0), positive predictive value 100% (85.8 - 100.0), and negative predictive value 80% (28.4 - 99.5). CONCLUSION: The fat fraction measured by the modified Dixon technique can differentiate between adenomas and other adrenal lesions with the same sensitivity and specificity as the percentage of signal loss between in-phase and out-of-phase T1-weighted sequences.